Leishmaniases and chronic inflammatory diseases are the cause of millions of deaths in the world each year. The treatment of leishmaniasis is facing serious drawbacks particularly due to the limited number of effective medicines, the resistance, and the toxicity of available drugs. On the other hand, many drugs are used for the management of inflammatory disorders. However, the most commonly prescribed although efficient is highly toxic with multiples side effects. New leads compounds for the development of new anti-leishmanial and anti-inflammatory drugs are needed. Over the past decade, several studies on the potential of endophytes to produce bioactive metabolites have been reported. We are presenting in the present review the status of research from 2000 to 2019 on the anti-leishmanial and anti-inflammatory metabolites isolated from endophytes from diverse habitats. An emphasis was put on existing gaps in the literature to inspire and guide future investigations. We hope that this review will help accelerate the drug discovery against leishmaniases and inflammation-associated disorders.

Aqueous ethanol extracts of powdered stems of Dendrobium loddigesii afforded three new phenolics including threo-7-O-ethyl-9-O-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl-guaiacylglycerol (1), (R)-4,5,4'-trihydroxy-3,3',α-trimethoxybibenzyl (2) and (S)-5,5',7-trihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyflavanone (3), together with eleven known analogues. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. To identify natural antioxidants, whitening, and anti-aging agents, the abilities of these phenolics were assessed to scavenge the 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, their abilities to inhibit tyrosinase production, and their abilities to stimulate collagen production by human dermal fibroblasts-adult (HDFa) assay. It was found that compounds 1, 4-8, 13 and 14 exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging activities, compound 10 exhibited tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ 37.904 μg/mL), and compound 9 showed significant collagen production with an EC₅₀ value of 3.182 μg/mL. These results suggest that phenolic constituents from D. loddigesii may be candidate antioxidants, skin-whitening and/or anti-aging agents.

Obesity has been identified with an expanded danger of a progression of illnesses that include different organ-frameworks of the body. In the present examination, we evaluated the hypolipidemic properties of Echinochrome (Ech) pigment in a highfat diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemia in rats. After the hyperlipidemic model was set up, rats were haphazardly separated into five groups as follows:normal control group, HFD group, Atorvastatin (ATOR) group (80 mg/kg), Ech group (1 mg/kg) and combined group ATOR + Ech. The outcomes demonstrated that Ech improves lipid profile, liver functions, kidney functions and antioxidant markers of obese rats. The findings of the present investigation indicated that the Ech possesses hypolipidemic potential in obese rats.

Massive pro-inflammatory cytokines production has been correlated with the pathogenesis of severe dengue disease. The active compound of mangosteen fruit pericarps, α-mangostin, has been commonly used as traditional medicine and dietary supplement. We examined the effect of α-mangostin against dengue virus (DENV) infection in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by the measurement of virus titer and TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokines concentration post infection. Increasing concentration of α-mangostin inhibited virus replication and reduced inflammatory cytokines expression at 24- and 48-h post infection. Our results support the potential use of α-mangostin as anti-antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapies in the treatment of dengue.

Aurantiadioic acids A (1) and B (2), two new furan-containing polyketides, and aurantoic acid A (3), a new natural product, were isolated from the liquid fermentation of the sika deer dung-derived actinomycete Actinocorallia aurantiaca. The structures of the new compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D & 2D NMR, HRESIMS spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of 3 was assigned by comparison of the specific optical rotations with the reported derivatives. Biological activity evaluations suggested that compounds 1-3 showed weak inhibition on NO production in the murine monocytic RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC₅₀ values of 35.8, 41.8, 45.2 μM, respectively. Compound 3 showed weak inhibition on influenza A virus (A/PuertoRico/8/1934, H1N1) with an EC₅₀ value of 35.9 μM, and a selective index higher than 13.3.