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Unveiling the molecular mechanisms: dietary phytosterols as guardians against cardiovascular diseases |
| Nasreddine El Omari1, Saad Bakrim2, Asaad Khalid3,4, Ashraf N. Abdalla5, Mohamed A. M. Iesa11, Kawtar El Kadri6, Siah Ying Tang7, Bey Hing Goh8,9,10, Abdelhakim Bouyahya6 |
1. High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Tetouan, Tetouan, Morocco;
2. Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnology and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, 80000 Agadir, Morocco;
3. Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P. O. Box:114, 45142 Jazan, Saudi Arabia;
4. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P. O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan;
5. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia;
6. Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 10106 Rabat, Morocco;
7. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
8. Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Malaysia;
9. Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre (SBMDC), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Sunway City, Malaysia;
10. Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
11. Department of Physiology, Al Qunfudah Medical College, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia |
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Abstract Until recently, the main pharmaceuticals used to control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) were statin-related drugs, known for their historical side effects. Therefore, there is growing interest in exploring alternatives, such as nutritional and dietary components, that could play a central role in CVD prevention. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how natural phytosterols found in various diets combat CVDs. We begin with a description of the overall approach, then we explore in detail the different direct and indirect mechanisms that contribute to reducing cardiovascular incidents. Phytosterols, including stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, ergosterol, and fucosterol, emerge as promising molecules within nutritional systems for protection against CVDs due to their beneficial effects at different levels through direct or indirect cellular, subcellular, and molecular mechanisms. Specifically, the mentioned phytosterols exhibit the ability to diminish the generation of various radicals, including hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide. They also promote the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione, while inhibiting lipid peroxidation through the activation of Nrf2 and Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathways. Additionally, they demonstrate a significant inhibitory capacity in the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus playing a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory/immune response by inhibiting the expression of proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways such as JAK3/STAT3 and NF-κB. Moreover, phytosterols play a key role in reducing cholesterol absorption and improving the lipid profile. These compounds can be used as dietary supplements or included in specific diets to aid control cholesterol levels, particularly in individuals suffering from hypercholesterolemia.
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| Keywords
Phytosterols
β-sitosterol
Stigmasterol
Cardiovascular disease
Nutritional protection
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| Fund:This study was funded by the Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia (Project number ISP23-81) & Sunway University Research Accelerator Grant Scheme (GRTIN-RAG-SBMDC-10-2024). |
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Corresponding Authors:
Asaad Khalid,E-mail:akahmed@jazanu.edu.sa;Bey Hing Goh,E-mail:goh.bey.hing@monash.edu;Abdelhakim Bouyahya,E-mail:a.bouyahya@um5r.ac.ma
E-mail: akahmed@jazanu.edu.sa;goh.bey.hing@monash.edu;a.bouyahya@um5r.ac.ma
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Issue Date: 01 August 2024
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